We often use the passive to describe a process or
emphasize the action rather than who is doing the action.
Structure
The passive always contains : To be + past
participle
The verb To be can be conjugated in any tense:
·
Present simple : am, is,are
·
Past simple : was,were
·
Present perfect: has/have been
·
Future : will be
·
Modals in the past :
could/should/would/must have been
·
Present continous: am/is/are being
·
Past continous: was/were being
·
Paast perfect : had been
·
With modals: can/could/must/should...be
Usage
The passive is used
more commonly in writing especially in reports, textbook, in industry, science
and technology to describe processes, and for official rules. We use the
passive in these cases because we don’t always know who the agent is.
Compare the active and the passive in the following
examples:
Active Passive
People have used this application for a long time. This application has been used for a
long time.
You freeze-dry the reagent in the vials. Reagent are
freeze-dried in the vials.
Someone has to count the points at the end. The points have to be counted
at the end.
Causative
Verbs
Causative verbs are
used to show that a person causes, makes or enables another person to do something
or make something happen. The structure of these types of sentences can be
confusing as the verb after the causative verb may be in either the infinitive
without to, the to-infinitive or the past participle depending on the causative
verb used.
Causative
verb + Infinitive without to
|
The
director
|
Made
Will have
Could have let
|
John
install the new computers.
|
Causative
verb + to-infinitive
|
The
director
|
Got
Wants
Will allow
Could permit
|
John
install the new computers.
|
Causative
verb + past participle
|
The
director
|
Had
Got
|
The
new computers installed (by john).
|
Source : https://global-exam.com/en/toeic-grammar-passive-versus-active-causative-verbs
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